清規職事詞建構了禪寺的職稱系統，展現僧團的分工制度，是認識叢林生活
的窗口，亦是禪宗行業語的一環。本文以分析、歸納、比較方式探討職事詞「—
頭/主」，研究材料以宋元明清六部清規為主，以禪宗辭典《禪林象器箋》為
輔。本文的發現如下：「頭」核心義是端點，通過轉喻表示領頭或人，「主」核
心義是中心，通過隱喻表示領頭或人。表序職的「頭/主」帶有領頭義，表列職
的「頭/主」只剩下表人義，反映「頭/主」意義磨損、泛化的連續性。「頭/
主」在搭配對象的差異是「頭」能搭配多種名詞，表示無統管權的列職。其次，
「頭」的量能產性高於「主」，但兩者均無周遍性，質能產性不突出。復次，
「—頭/主」互為異名的情況不多，彼此無法類推。最後，比較清規職事詞兩大
類型「—頭/主」與 VO/VP式，由於「—頭/主」有表義明晰，標記詞性的優
勢，與VO/VP式競爭時，具較強的競爭力，經常勝出。

The nomenclature of monastic duties (zhishi-ci) within Chan Buddhist codes
(Qinggui) constructs a sophisticated system of titles that delineates the division
of labor within the Sangha. These terms serve as a critical sociolinguistic window
into monastic organization and represent a specialized stratum of the Chan lexicon.
Utilizing analytical, inductive, and comparative methodologies, this study investigates
the linguistic properties of the title markers “-tou” (Head) and “-zhu” (Master). The
primary research corpus comprises six major Qinggui (monastic codes) compiled from
the Song to the Qing dynasties, supplemented by the Chan dictionary Chanlin Xiangqi
Jian.The fi ndings reveal that the core meaning of “-tou” is “extremity,” which denotes
leaders or individuals through metonymic extension, whereas the core meaning of
“-zhu” is “center,” which signifies similar roles through metaphorical mapping. In
hierarchical rank titles (xuzhi), both markers preserve their denotation of leadership.
Conversely, in functional role titles (liezhi), they undergo semantic bleaching,
retaining only the “person-denoting” feature. This trajectory reflects a continuumof semantic generalization.Regarding distributional characteristics, “-tou” exhibits
a unique capacity to combine with various types of nouns to form functional titles
that lack administrative authority. Furthermore, while the quantitative productivity
of “-tou” exceeds that of “-zhu”, neither possesses omnipresence (zhoubian-xing),
and their qualitative productivity remains circumscribed. Notably, titles ending in
“-tou” and “-zhu” rarely function as heteronyms and do not demonstrate mutual
analogical extension. Finally, a comparison is drawn between the two major types
of monastic titles: the “-tou/zhu” type and the VO/VP structure. Due to its semantic
clarity and explicit part-of-speech marking, the “-tou/zhu” type demonstrates superior
competitiveness and frequently prevails over its VO/VP counterparts.